In this week’s feature highlight, we look at GNOME GUI on Rocky Linux 8
To use Rocky Linux 8 in graphical mode, you will need to install GNOME package on the system to enable GUI. We will go through the steps required to install GNOME GUI.
Check the available package groups for Rocky Linux 8.
yum group list
Output:
[root@server ~]# yum group list
Last metadata expiration check: 0:01:49 ago on Fri 14 May 2021 10:00:46 AM EDT.
Available Environment Groups:
Server with GUI
Server
Workstation
KDE Plasma Workspaces
Virtualization Host
Custom Operating System
Installed Environment Groups:
Minimal Install
Available Groups:
Container Management
.NET Core Development
RPM Development Tools
Development Tools
Graphical Administration Tools
Headless Management
Legacy UNIX Compatibility
Network Servers
Scientific Support
Security Tools
Smart Card Support
System Tools
Fedora Packager
Xfce
Installing Gnome GUI
Install Gnome GUI and in between it will prompt for download permission, enter “y” key and hit enter to proceed with installation.
yum groupinstall "Server with GUI"
To enable the GUI as default and boot into graphical mode.
In this week’s feature highlight, we look at How to Install OwnCloud on Rocky Linux 8
OwnCloud is an open source project that can be installed on your server to securely store and access files. Also allows you to share and collaborate contents that lets teams work on data easily from anywhere, on any device.
mysql -u root -p
mysql> CREATE DATABASE ownclouddb;
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ownclouddata.* TO 'ownclouduser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'YOUR-PASSWORD' WITH GRANT
OPTION;
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
mysql> exit;
Note : Replace YOUR-PASSWORD with the actual password
Output:
[root@server tmp]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 14
Server version: 10.3.28-MariaDB MariaDB Server
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE ownclouddb;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.004 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ownclouddata.* TO 'ownclouduser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'ENTER YOUR-PASSWORD' WITH GRANT
-> OPTION;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.004 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.006 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> exit;
Aborted
[root@server tmp]#
Configuring Firewall and SELinux
Open the port in firewall using following command.
Next, we’ll update the SELinux configuration file.
Set SELinux mode to permissive by running the following command.
setenforce 0
Open the file using your preferred editor,
vi /etc/selinux/config
And update the settings as shown below,
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=permissive
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these two values:
# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
If SELinux is enabled and running, execute the command below to allow the Apache webserver to write to Owncloud’s directory.
setsebool -P httpd_unified 1
Now type your IP address in the URL to complete the ownCloud installation.
http://server_IP/owncloud
You will have to create admin account for ownCloud
Enter the username and password which you want to set.
In this week’s feature highlight, we look at How to Install Node.js on Rocky Linux 8
Node.js is a JavaScript runtime environment and it is primarily used for non-blocking, event-driven servers, due to its single-threaded nature. It’s used for traditional websites and back-end API services but was designed with real-time, push-based architectures. It offers users the ability to write websites in JavaScript whose code executes on the server instead of a client’s browser.
First, check for the update to keep the server up to date.
yum update -y
Installing Node.js
To list the available Node.js streams.
yum module list nodejs
Output:
[root@server ~]# yum module list nodejs
Last metadata expiration check: 2:07:57 ago on Thu 13 May 2021 01:00:13 PM EDT.
Rocky Linux 8 - AppStream
Name Stream Profiles Summary
nodejs 10 [d] common [d], development, minimal, s2i Javascript runtime
nodejs 12 common [d], development, minimal, s2i Javascript runtime
nodejs 14 common [d], development, minimal, s2i Javascript runtime
Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled
Command to Install Node.js.
yum module install nodejs:14
Output:
[root@server ~]# yum module install nodejs:14
Last metadata expiration check: 2:08:28 ago on Thu 13 May 2021 01:00:13 PM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repo Size
================================================================================
Installing group/module packages:
nodejs x86_64 1:14.16.0-2.module+el8.3.0+100+234774f7 appstream 11 M
npm x86_64 1:6.14.11-1.14.16.0.2.module+el8.3.0+100+234774f7
appstream 3.7 M
Installing weak dependencies:
nodejs-docs noarch 1:14.16.0-2.module+el8.3.0+100+234774f7 appstream 7.9 M
nodejs-full-i18n
Verify the installed Node.js version using the command,
node -v
Output:
[root@server ~]# node -v
v14.16.0
This Concludes how you install Node.js on Rocky Linux 8. Now you can begin using it to host your website, along with using npm to install any necessary JavaScript packages.
Uninstalling Node.js
If you can not configure and face any technical difficulties, kindly reach out to us via Support Ticket.
If you wish to uninstall Node.js and npm packages, you can run the command,
yum module remove nodejs
Output:
[root@server ~]# yum module remove nodejs
Last metadata expiration check: 0:24:44 ago on Thu 13 May 2021 04:00:27 PM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================================
Removing:
nodejs x86_64 1:14.16.0-2.module+el8.3.0+100+234774f7 @appstream 36 M
npm x86_64 1:6.14.11-1.14.16.0.2.module+el8.3.0+100+234774f7
@appstream 15 M
Removing unused dependencies:
nodejs-docs noarch 1:14.16.0-2.module+el8.3.0+100+234774f7 @appstream 60 M
To verify that node.js is uninstalled you can run the following command,
node --version
Output:
[root@server ~]# node --version
-bash: node: command not found
To check/list the available PHP versions, use the following command,
yum module list php
Output:
[root@server ~]# yum module list php
Last metadata expiration check: 2:11:11 ago on Wed 12 May 2021 11:54:38 AM EDT.
Rocky Linux 8 - AppStream
Name Stream Profiles Summary
php 7.2 [d][e] common [d], devel, minimal PHP scripting language
php 7.3 common [d], devel, minimal PHP scripting language
php 7.4 common [d], devel, minimal PHP scripting language
Remi's Modular repository for Enterprise Linux 8 - x86_64
Name Stream Profiles Summary
php remi-7.2 common [d], devel, minimal PHP scripting language
php remi-7.3 common [d], devel, minimal PHP scripting language
php remi-7.4 common [d], devel, minimal PHP scripting language
php remi-8.0 common [d], devel, minimal PHP scripting language
Hint: [d]efault, [e]nabled, [x]disabled, [i]nstalled
Installing PHP 7.x
First, lets disable the old version before enabling the new one,
dnf module reset php
Output:
[root@server ~]# dnf module reset php
Last metadata expiration check: 2:11:49 ago on Wed 12 May 2021 11:54:38 AM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
================================================================================
Resetting modules:
php
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Complete!
Below are the commands to install a specific version of PHP to your requirements,
In this week’s feature highlight, we look at How to Composer on Rocky Linux 8
Composer is basically a dependency manager for the programming language, PHP. It functions as some sort of project manager that helps the programmer manage dependencies that will be used on a project to project basis.
Installing PHP
Install PHP by running the following command.
dnf install @php
Output:
[root@server ~]# dnf install @php
Last metadata expiration check: 0:50:18 ago on Thu 13 May 2021 01:00:13 PM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repo Size
================================================================================
Installing group/module packages:
php-cli x86_64 7.2.24-1.module+el8.3.0+200+280400f1 appstream 3.1 M
php-common x86_64 7.2.24-1.module+el8.3.0+200+280400f1 appstream 660 k
php-fpm x86_64 7.2.24-1.module+el8.3.0+200+280400f1 appstream 1.6 M
php-json x86_64 7.2.24-1.module+el8.3.0+200+280400f1 appstream 72 k
php-mbstring x86_64 7.2.24-1.module+el8.3.0+200+280400f1 appstream 579 k
php-xml x86_64 7.2.24-1.module+el8.3.0+200+280400f1 appstream 187 k
Download Composer installer
We will install wget package so we can download files over the internet, you can skip this part if you already have it installed.
dnf -y install wget
We will now download the composer from the official website
Verify the PHP Composer version once installation is done
composer --version
Output:
[root@server ~]# php composer-installer.php --filename=composer --install-dir=/usr/local/bin
All settings correct for using Composer
Downloading...
Composer (version 2.0.13) successfully installed to: /usr/local/bin/composer
Use it: php /usr/local/bin/composer
Testing Composer
To test your installation, run the following command.
In this week’s feature highlight, we look at How to Docker on Rocky Linux 8
What is Docker?
Docker is basically a container engine which uses the Linux Kernel in order to create the containers on top of an operating system. Which is use to create, deploy and run applications in a containerized environment.
First, check and install any pending system updates.
yum update
Adding Docker repository
Enable the Docker CE repository by running the following command.
In this week’s feature highlight, we look at How to Fail2Ban on Rocky Linux 8
Fail2Ban is an intrusion prevention framework written in the Python programming language. It works by reading SSH, ProFTP, Apache logs, etc. And uses iptables profiles to block brute-force attempts.
To install Fail2ban, The EPEL repository needs to be installed first.
yum install epel-release
Note: It will prompt for several permission Press “y” and “Enter” to continue.
Next, install fail2ban package.
yum install fail2ban
Note: This will prompt for several permissions, Press “y” and “Enter” to continue.
Set fail2ban to start on boot automatically,
systemctl enable fail2ban
Configuring local file settings.
Jail.conf contains a section which Configuration settings can be done for the fail2ban, we are not going edit this file because package upgrade can overwrite this file.
Jail.local contains same section where jail.conf file contains and it can override this values.
/etc/fail2ban/jail.d/ can override both jails.local and jails.conf files
First we begin with the jail.local file.
Open the file for editing,
nano /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
Add the following content,
[DEFAULT]
# Ban hosts for one hour:
bantime = 3600
# Override /etc/fail2ban/jail.d/00-firewalld.conf:
banaction = iptables-multiport
[sshd]
enabled = true
If server uses firewalld instead of iptables, simply comment the banaction line
Restarting the Fail2Ban service to load new settings.
systemctl restart fail2ban
To check status
fail2ban-client status
Output:
Status
|- Number of jail: 1
`- Jail list: sshd
To view detailed information of sshd
fail2ban-client status sshd
Ouput:
[root@server ~]# fail2ban-client status sshd
Status for the jail: sshd
|- Filter
| |- Currently failed: 5
| |- Total failed: 238
| `- Journal matches: _SYSTEMD_UNIT=sshd.service + _COMM=sshd
`- Actions
|- Currently banned: 19
|- Total banned: 19
`- Banned IP list: 221.131.165.56 183.89.70.240 211.200.178.178 218.92.0.207 221.181.185.143 221.181.185.220 189.207.242.90 120.246.124.254 51.254.84.249 103.20.34.169 218.22.36.135 1.179.185.50 171.245.229.51 106.55.240.205 212.64.60.50 58.240.52.43 209.141.60.60 171.225.250.69 221.181.185.151
Modify the content of the file /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
nano /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
Setting ban time
#ban time setting to 600sec
bantime = 600
Setting conditions to ban a client
findtime = 600
maxretry = 3
In this example, the client is blocked if he makes 3 unsuccessful login attempts with in 10 mins.
To check the details of banned IPs and number of login attempts,
fail2ban-client status sshd
Output:
[root@server ~]# fail2ban-client status sshd
Status for the jail: sshd
|- Filter
| |- Currently failed: 5
| |- Total failed: 262
| `- Journal matches: _SYSTEMD_UNIT=sshd.service + _COMM=sshd
`- Actions
|- Currently banned: 21
|- Total banned: 21
`- Banned IP list: 221.131.165.56 183.89.70.240 211.200.178.178 218.92.0.207 221.181.185.143 221.181.185.220 189.207.242.90 120.246.124.254 51.254.84.249 1 03.20.34.169 218.22.36.135 1.179.185.50 171.245.229.51 106.55.240.205 212.64.60. 50 58.240.52.43 209.141.60.60 171.225.250.69 221.181.185.151 142.93.215.8 222.18 7.238.136
In this week’s feature highlight, we look at How to Install LEMP Stack on Rocky Linux 8
LEMP is a combination of free, open source software. The acronym LEMP refers to the first letters of Linux (Operating system), Nginx Server, MySQL (database software), and PHP, PERL or Python, principal components to build a viable general purpose web server.
Install Nginx Web Server
First, we will start by installing the Nginx web server. To complete the installation, use the following command:
yum install nginx -y
Output:
[root@server ~]# yum install nginx -y
Last metadata expiration check: 3:33:16 ago on Thu 06 May 2021 11:33:45 AM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repo Size
================================================================================
Installing:
nginx x86_64 1:1.14.1-9.module+el8.3.0+121+6327f1ce
appstream 566 k
Installing dependencies:
dejavu-fonts-common noarch 2.35-6.el8 baseos 73 k
dejavu-sans-fonts noarch 2.35-6.el8 baseos 1.5 M
fontconfig x86_64 2.13.1-3.el8 baseos 273 k
Once the installation is complete, enable Nginx (to start automatically upon system boot), start the web server and verify the status using the commands below.
systemctl start nginx
systemctl enable nginx
systemctl status nginx
Output:
[root@server ~]# systemctl enable nginx
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.
[root@server ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor prese>
Active: active (running) since Thu 2021-05-06 15:08:01 EDT; 14s ago
Main PID: 10636 (nginx)
Tasks: 2 (limit: 4956)
Memory: 3.9M
CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
├─10636 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
└─10637 nginx: worker process
To make your pages available to public, you will have to edit your firewall rules to allow HTTP requests on your web server by using the following commands.
Verify that the web server is running and accessible by accessing your server’s IP address.
From your browser,
http://IP_address
We need to make user nginx as the owner of web directory. By default it’s owned by the root user.
chown nginx:nginx /usr/share/nginx/html -R
Install MariaDB Server
MariaDB is a popular database server. The installation is simple and requires just a few steps as shown.
yum install mariadb-server mariadb -y
Output:
[root@server ~]# yum install mariadb-server mariadb -y
Last metadata expiration check: 3:36:48 ago on Thu 06 May 2021 11:33:45 AM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repo Size
================================================================================
Installing:
mariadb x86_64 3:10.3.28-1.module+el8.3.0+126+a7f7b5c5
appstream 6.0 M
mariadb-server x86_64 3:10.3.28-1.module+el8.3.0+126+a7f7b5c5
appstream 16 M
Installing dependencies:
libaio x86_64 0.3.112-1.el8 baseos 31 k
mariadb-common x86_64 3:10.3.28-1.module+el8.3.0+126+a7f7b5c5
Once the installation is complete, enable MariaDB (to start automatically upon system boot), start the MariaDB and verify the status using the commands below.
systemctl start mariadb
systemctl enable mariadb
systemctl status mariadb
Output:
[root@server ~]# systemctl status mariadb
● mariadb.service - MariaDB 10.3 database server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; vendor pre>
Active: active (running) since Thu 2021-05-06 15:11:41 EDT; 16s ago
Docs: man:mysqld(8)
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/
Main PID: 12068 (mysqld)
Status: "Taking your SQL requests now..."
Tasks: 30 (limit: 4956)
Memory: 79.7M
CGroup: /system.slice/mariadb.service
└─12068 /usr/libexec/mysqld --basedir=/usr
Finally, you will want to secure your MariaDB installation by issuing the following command.
mysql_secure_installation
Output:
[root@server ~]# mysql_secure_installation
NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB
SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE! PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!
In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we'll need the current
password for the root user. If you've just installed MariaDB, and
you haven't set the root password yet, the password will be blank,
so you should just press enter here.
Enter current password for root (enter for none):
OK, successfully used password, moving on...
Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB
root user without the proper authorisation.
Set root password? [Y/n] y
New password:
Re-enter new password:
Password updated successfully!
Reloading privilege tables..
... Success!
Once secured, you can connect to MySQL and review the existing databases on your database server by using the following command.
mysql -e "SHOW DATABASES;" -p
Output:
[root@server ~]# mysql -e "SHOW DATABASES;" -p
Enter password:
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
Install PHP
To Install PHP-FPM by running the following command.
[root@server ~]# yum install php php-mysqlnd php-fpm php-opcache php-gd php-xml php-mbstring -y
Last metadata expiration check: 3:40:09 ago on Thu 06 May 2021 11:33:45 AM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repo Size
================================================================================
Installing:
php x86_64 7.2.24-1.module+el8.3.0+200+280400f1 appstream 1.5 M
php-fpm x86_64 7.2.24-1.module+el8.3.0+200+280400f1 appstream 1.6 M
php-gd x86_64 7.2.24-1.module+el8.3.0+200+280400f1 appstream 83 k
php-mbstring x86_64 7.2.24-1.module+el8.3.0+200+280400f1 appstream 579 k
php-mysqlnd x86_64 7.2.24-1.module+el8.3.0+200+280400f1 appstream 189 k
Once the installation is complete, enable php-fpm (to start automatically upon system boot), start the php-fpm and verify the status using the commands below.
systemctl start php-fpm
systemctl enable php-fpm
systemctl status php-fpm
Output:
[root@server ~]# systemctl status php-fpm
● php-fpm.service - The PHP FastCGI Process Manager
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/php-fpm.service; enabled; vendor pre>
Active: active (running) since Thu 2021-05-06 15:14:35 EDT; 12s ago
Main PID: 12664 (php-fpm)
Status: "Processes active: 0, idle: 5, Requests: 0, slow: 0, Traffic: 0req/s>
Tasks: 6 (limit: 4956)
Memory: 25.8M
CGroup: /system.slice/php-fpm.service
├─12664 php-fpm: master process (/etc/php-fpm.conf)
├─12665 php-fpm: pool www
├─12666 php-fpm: pool www
├─12667 php-fpm: pool www
By default, PHP-FPM runs as the apache user. Since we are using Nginx web server, we need to change following line.
vi /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
user = apache
group = apache
Change them to
user = nginx
group = nginx
Once changed, need to reload php-fpm
systemctl reload php-fpm
Test your PHP, by creating a simple info.php file with a phinfo() in it. The file should be placed in the directory root for your web server, which is /usr/share/nginx/html/info.php.
In this week’s feature highlight, we look at How to Install LAMP Stack on Rocky Linux 8
A LAMP stack is a group of open-source software that is typically installed together to enable a server to host dynamic websites and web apps. This term is actually an acronym which represents the Linux operating system, with the Apache web server. The site data is stored in a MySQL database, and dynamic content is processed by PHP.
Install Apache Web Server
First, we will start by installing the Apache web server. To complete the installation, use the following command.
yum install httpd httpd-tools
Output:
[root@server ~]# yum install httpd httpd-tools
Last metadata expiration check: 2:04:33 ago on Thu 06 May 2021 11:33:45 AM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repo Size
================================================================================
Installing:
httpd x86_64 2.4.37-30.module+el8.3.0+124+cde66633 appstream 1.5 M
httpd-tools x86_64 2.4.37-30.module+el8.3.0+124+cde66633 appstream 103 k
Installing dependencies:
apr x86_64 1.6.3-11.el8 appstream 124 k
apr-util x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 appstream 104 k
httpd-filesystem noarch 2.4.37-30.module+el8.3.0+124+cde66633 appstream 36 k
Once the installation is complete, enable Apache (to start automatically upon system boot), start the web server and verify the status using the commands below.
systemctl enable httpd
systemctl start httpd
systemctl status httpd
Output:
[root@server ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor prese>
Active: active (running) since Thu 2021-05-06 13:39:18 EDT; 6s ago
Docs: man:httpd.service(8)
Main PID: 9517 (httpd)
Status: "Started, listening on: port 80"
Tasks: 213 (limit: 4956)
Memory: 25.0M
CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
├─9517 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─9518 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─9519 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
To make your pages available to public, you will have to edit your firewall rules to allow HTTP and HTTPS requests on your web server by using the following commands.
Now restart your web server so that Apache knows that it will be serving PHP requests as well.
systemctl restart httpd
Test your PHP, by creating a simple info.php file with a phinfo() in it. The file should be placed in the directory root for your web server, which is /var/www/html.
MariaDB is a popular database server. The installation is simple and requires just a few steps as shown.
yum install mariadb-server mariadb
Output:
[root@server ~]# yum install mariadb-server mariadb
Last metadata expiration check: 2:23:42 ago on Thu 06 May 2021 11:33:45 AM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repo Size
================================================================================
Installing:
mariadb x86_64 3:10.3.28-1.module+el8.3.0+126+a7f7b5c5
appstream 6.0 M
mariadb-server x86_64 3:10.3.28-1.module+el8.3.0+126+a7f7b5c5
appstream 16 M
Installing dependencies:
libaio x86_64 0.3.112-1.el8 baseos 31 k
Once the installation is complete, enable MariaDB (to start automatically upon system boot), start the MariaDB and verify the status using the commands below.
systemctl enable mariadb
systemctl start mariadb
systemctl status mariadb
Output:
[root@server ~]# systemctl status mariadb
● mariadb.service - MariaDB 10.3 database server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; vendor pre>
Active: active (running) since Thu 2021-05-06 13:59:14 EDT; 2s ago
Docs: man:mysqld(8)
https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/
Process: 13127 ExecStartPost=/usr/libexec/mysql-check-upgrade (code=exited, s>
Process: 12990 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/mysql-prepare-db-dir mariadb.service>
Process: 12966 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/mysql-check-socket (code=exited, sta>
Main PID: 13095 (mysqld)
Status: "Taking your SQL requests now..."
Tasks: 30 (limit: 4956)
Finally, you will want to secure your MariaDB installation by issuing the following command.
mysql_secure_installation
Output:
[root@server ~]# mysql_secure_installation
NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB
SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE! PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!
In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we'll need the current
password for the root user. If you've just installed MariaDB, and
you haven't set the root password yet, the password will be blank,
so you should just press enter here.
Enter current password for root (enter for none):
OK, successfully used password, moving on...
Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB
root user without the proper authorisation.
Set root password? [Y/n] y
New password:
Re-enter new password:
Password updated successfully!
Reloading privilege tables..
... Success!
Once secured, you can connect to MySQL and review the existing databases on your database server by using the following command.
mysql -e "SHOW DATABASES;" -p
Output:
[root@server ~]# mysql -e "SHOW DATABASES;" -p
Enter password:
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
